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Make sure you understand the meaning of the settings you change, as it could incur a performance slowdown, or putting your data at risk. On VM creation you can change some basic system components of the new VM. You can specify which display type you want to use. Additionally, the SCSI controller can be changed. If you plan to install the QEMU Guest Agent, or if your selected ISO image already ships and installs it automatically, you may want to tick the Qemu Agent box, which lets Proxmox VE know that it can use its features to show some more information, and complete some actions for example, shutdown or snapshots more intelligently.

Even if this controller has been superseded by recent designs, each and every OS you can think of has support for it, making it a great choice if you want to run an OS released before You can connect up to 4 devices on this controller. You can connect up to 6 devices on this controller. Linux distributions have support for this controller since , and FreeBSD since For Windows OSes, you need to provide an extra iso containing the drivers during the installation.

On each controller you attach a number of emulated hard disks, which are backed by a file or a block device residing in the configured storage. The choice of a storage type will determine the format of the hard disk image. This format does not support thin provisioning or snapshots by itself, requiring cooperation from the storage layer for these tasks. Setting the Cache mode of the hard drive will impact how the host system will notify the guest systems of block write completions.

The No cache default means that the guest system will be notified that a write is complete when each block reaches the physical storage write queue, ignoring the host page cache. This provides a good balance between safety and speed. If you want the Proxmox VE backup manager to skip a disk when doing a backup of a VM, you can set the No backup option on that disk. If you want the Proxmox VE storage replication mechanism to skip a disk when starting a replication job, you can set the Skip replication option on that disk.

As of Proxmox VE 5. If your storage supports thin provisioning see the storage chapter in the Proxmox VE guide , you can activate the Discard option on a drive. Some guest operating systems may also require the SSD Emulation flag to be set. If you would like a drive to be presented to the guest as a solid-state drive rather than a rotational hard disk, you can set the SSD emulation option on that drive.

There is no requirement that the underlying storage actually be backed by SSDs; this feature can be used with physical media of any type. This can increase performance when multiple disks are used and each disk has its own storage controller. This CPU can then contain one or many cores , which are independent processing units. Whether you have a single CPU socket with 4 cores, or two CPU sockets with two cores is mostly irrelevant from a performance point of view.

However some software licenses depend on the number of sockets a machine has, in that case it makes sense to set the number of sockets to what the license allows you. Increasing the number of virtual CPUs cores and sockets will usually provide a performance improvement though that is heavily dependent on the use of the VM.

Multi-threaded applications will of course benefit from a large number of virtual CPUs, as for each virtual cpu you add, Qemu will create a new thread of execution on the host system. In addition to the number of virtual cores, you can configure how much resources a VM can get in relation to the host CPU time and also in relation to other VMs. It is a floating point value representing CPU time in percent, so 1. In reality the usage may be even a bit higher as Qemu can have additional threads for VM peripherals besides the vCPU core ones.

Using a specific example: lets say we have a VM which would profit from having 8 vCPUs, but at no time all of those 8 cores should run at full load - as this would make the server so overloaded that other VMs and CTs would get to less CPU. So, we set the cpulimit limit to 4. It is a relative weight which defaults to , if you increase this for a VM it will be prioritized by the scheduler in comparison to other VMs with lower weight. For more information see man systemd. Qemu can emulate a number different of CPU types from to the latest Xeon processors.

Each new processor generation adds new features, like hardware assisted 3d rendering, random number generation, memory protection, etc … Usually you should select for your VM a processor type which closely matches the CPU of the host system, as it means that the host CPU features also called CPU flags will be available in your VMs.

This has a downside though. If the CPU flags passed to the guest are missing, the qemu process will stop. In short, if you care about live migration and moving VMs between nodes, leave the kvm64 default.

You can specify custom CPU types with a configurable set of features. See man cpu-models. Specified custom types can be selected by any user with the Sys. The guest operating system must be updated to a version which mitigates the attacks and is able to utilize the CPU feature.

Note that not all affected CPUs can be updated to support spec-ctrl. A community script is also available to detect is the host is still vulnerable. Not included by default in any Intel CPU model. Must be explicitly turned on for all Intel CPU models. Required to enable the Spectre v4 CVE fix. This should be provided to guests, even if amd-ssbd is also provided, for maximum guest compatibility.

Note that this must be explicitly enabled when when using the "host" cpu model, because this is a virtual feature which does not exist in the physical CPUs. This provides higher performance than virt-ssbd, therefore a host supporting this should always expose this to guests if possible.

Future hardware generations of CPU will not be vulnerable to CVE, and thus the guest should be told not to enable its mitigations, by exposing amd-no-ssb. This is mutually exclusive with virt-ssbd and amd-ssbd.

The basics of the NUMA architecture mean that instead of having a global memory pool available to all your cores, the memory is spread into local banks close to each socket. This can bring speed improvements as the memory bus is not a bottleneck anymore. If your system has a NUMA architecture [if the command numactl --hardware grep available returns more than one node, then your host system has a NUMA architecture] we recommend to activate the option, as this will allow proper distribution of the VM resources on the host system.

If the NUMA option is used, it is recommended to set the number of sockets to the number of nodes of the host system. Modern operating systems introduced the capability to hot-plug and, to a certain extent, hot-unplug CPUs in a running system. Virtualization allows us to avoid a lot of the physical problems real hardware can cause in such scenarios. Still, this is a rather new and complicated feature, so its use should be restricted to cases where its absolutely needed.

Most of the functionality can be replicated with other, well tested and less complicated, features, see Resource Limits. Currently only this feature is only supported on Linux, a kernel newer than 3. Note: CPU hot-remove is machine dependent and requires guest cooperation.

For each VM you have the option to set a fixed size memory or asking Proxmox VE to dynamically allocate memory based on the current RAM usage of the host. When setting memory and minimum memory to the same amount Proxmox VE will simply allocate what you specify to your VM. Even when using a fixed memory size, the ballooning device gets added to the VM, because it delivers useful information such as how much memory the guest really uses.

In general, you should leave ballooning enabled, but if you want to disable it e. When the host is running low on RAM, the VM will then release some memory back to the host, swapping running processes if needed and starting the oom killer in last resort.

The passing around of memory between host and guest is done via a special balloon kernel driver running inside the guest, which will grab or release memory pages from the host. When multiple VMs use the autoallocate facility, it is possible to set a Shares coefficient which indicates the relative amount of the free host memory that each VM should take. For this you assign a Shares property of to the database VM, leaving the other VMs to the Shares default setting of All Linux distributions released after have the balloon kernel driver included.

This tap device is added to a bridge, by default vmbr0 in Proxmox VE. This built-in DHCP will serve addresses in the private The NAT mode is much slower than the bridged mode, and should only be used for testing. You can also skip adding a network device when creating a VM by selecting No network device. If you are using the VirtIO driver, you can optionally activate the Multiqueue option.

This option allows the guest OS to process networking packets using multiple virtual CPUs, providing an increase in the total number of packets transferred. When using the VirtIO driver with Proxmox VE, each NIC network queue is passed to the host kernel, where the queue will be processed by a kernel thread spawned by the vhost driver. With this option activated, it is possible to pass multiple network queues to the host kernel for each NIC. When using Multiqueue, it is recommended to set it to a value equal to the number of Total Cores of your guest.

You should note that setting the Multiqueue parameter to a value greater than one will increase the CPU load on the host and guest systems as the traffic increases. We recommend to set this option only when the VM has to process a great number of incoming connections, such as when the VM is running as a router, reverse proxy or a busy HTTP server doing long polling.

You can edit the amount of memory given to the virtual GPU, by setting the memory option. Windows needs a device for each monitor, so if your ostype is some version of Windows, Proxmox VE gives the VM an extra device per monitor. Each device gets the specified amount of memory.

Linux VMs, can always enable more virtual monitors, but selecting a Multi-Monitor mode multiplies the memory given to the device with the number of monitors.

A configured display memory setting will be ignored in that case. This can either be done via the vendor- and product-id, or via the host bus and port. This represents the physical ports of your host depending of the internal order of the usb controllers.

If a device is present in a VM configuration when the VM starts up, but the device is not present in the host, the VM can boot without problems. In order to properly emulate a computer, QEMU needs to use a firmware. It is responsible for doing basic hardware initialization and for providing an interface to the firmware and hardware for the operating system.

SeaBIOS is a good choice for most standard setups. Some operating systems such as Windows 11 may require use of an UEFI compatible implementation instead. There are other scenarios in which a BIOS is not a good firmware to boot from, e. In order to save things like the boot order , there needs to be an EFI Disk. This disk will be included in backups and snapshots, and there can only be one.

The efitype option specifies which version of the OVMF firmware should be used. For new VMs, this should always be 4m , as it supports Secure Boot and has more space allocated to support future development this is the default in the GUI. A Trusted Platform Module is a device which stores secret data - such as encryption keys - securely and provides tamper-resistance functions for validating system boot.

Certain operating systems e. Windows 11 require such a device to be attached to a machine be it physical or virtual. A TPM is added by specifying a tpmstate volume. This works similar to an efidisk, in that it cannot be changed only removed once created.

You can add one via the following command:. The v2. You can add an Inter-VM shared memory device ivshmem , which allows one to share memory between the host and a guest, or also between multiple guests.

Where the size is in MiB. The spice backend can be used in combination with SPICE while the none backend can be useful if an audio device is needed in the VM for some software to work. This helps to avoid entropy starvation problems in the guest a situation where not enough entropy is available and the system may slow down or run into problems , especially during the guests boot process. Reducing the period can thus be used to inject entropy into the guest at a faster rate. It is recommended to always use a limiter to avoid guests using too many host resources.

QEMU can tell the guest which devices it should boot from, and in which order. This can be specified in the config via the boot property, e. This way, the guest would first attempt to boot from the disk scsi0 , if that fails, it would go on to attempt network boot from net0 , and in case that fails too, finally attempt to boot from a passed through PCIe device seen as disk in case of NVMe, otherwise tries to launch into an option ROM.

On the GUI you can use a drag-and-drop editor to specify the boot order, and use the checkbox to enable or disable certain devices for booting altogether. The bootable flag only affects the guest BIOS and bootloader. After creating your VMs, you probably want them to start automatically when the host system boots. For this you need to select the option Start at boot from the Options Tab of your VM in the web interface, or set it with the following command:.

In some case you want to be able to fine tune the boot order of your VMs, for instance if one of your VM is providing firewalling or DHCP to other guest systems. For this you can use the following parameters:. We use the reverse startup order for shutdown, so a machine with a start order of 1 would be the last to be shut down.

Shutdown timeout : Defines the duration in seconds Proxmox VE should wait for the VM to be offline after issuing a shutdown command. By default this value is set to , which means that Proxmox VE will issue a shutdown request and wait seconds for the machine to be offline.

If the machine is still online after the timeout it will be stopped forcefully. Further, this parameter can only be enforced between virtual machines running on the same host, not cluster-wide.

The Qemu Guest Agent is a service which runs inside the VM, providing a communication channel between the host and the guest. It is used to exchange information and allows the host to issue commands to the guest. Or when starting a backup, the guest is told via the guest agent to sync outstanding writes via the fs-freeze and fs-thaw commands. For most Linux distributions, the guest agent is available. The package is usually named qemu-guest-agent. A fresh start of the VM is necessary for the changes to take effect.

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