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These exclusive extra files help to improve your farm in various ways. It is also possible to use special continuable failures if stopping test execution is not desired. The error message assigned to a failed test case is got directly from the failed keyword. Often the error message is created by the keyword itself, but some keywords allow configuring them. In some circumstances, for example when continuable failures are used, a test case can fail multiple times.

In that case the final error message is got by combining the individual errors. Very long error messages are automatically cut from the middle to keep reports easier to read, but full error messages are always visible in log files as messages of the failed keywords.

By default error messages are normal text, but they can contain HTML formatting. This marker will be removed from the final error message shown in reports and logs. Using HTML in a custom message is shown in the second example below.

The test case name comes directly from the Test Case section: it is exactly what is entered into the test case column. Test cases in one test suite should have unique names. It is available whenever a test is being executed, including all user keywords, as well as the test setup and the test teardown. If the variable does not exist, its name is left unchanged. The [Documentation] setting allows you to set a free documentation for a test case. That text is shown in the command line output, as well as the resulting test logs and test reports.

It is possible to use simple HTML formatting in documentation and variables can be used to make the documentation dynamic. Possible non-existing variables are left unchanged. If documentation is split into multiple columns, cells in one row are concatenated together with spaces. If documentation is split into multiple rows , the created documentation lines themselves are concatenated using newlines. Newlines are not added if a line already ends with a newline or an escaping backslash. It is important that test cases have clear and descriptive names, and in that case they normally do not need any documentation.

If the logic of the test case needs documenting, it is often a sign that keywords in the test case need better names and they are to be enhanced, instead of adding extra documentation.

Finally, metadata, such as the environment and user information in the last example above, is often better specified using tags. Using tags in Robot Framework is a simple, yet powerful mechanism for classifying test cases.

Tags are free text and they can be used at least for the following purposes:. In this section it is only explained how to set tags for test cases, and different ways to do it are listed below.

These approaches can naturally be used together. Tags are free text, but they are normalized so that they are converted to lowercase and all spaces are removed. If a test case gets the same tag several times, other occurrences than the first one are removed.

Tags can be created using variables, assuming that those variables exist. Users are generally free to use whatever tags that work in their context. There are, however, certain tags that have a predefined meaning for Robot Framework itself, and using them for other purposes can have unexpected results.

All special tags Robot Framework has and will have in the future have the robot: prefix. To avoid problems, users should thus not use any tag with this prefixes unless actually activating the special functionality. At the time of writing, the only special tags are robot:exit , that is automatically added to tests when stopping test execution gracefully , and robot:no-dry-run , that can be used to disable the dry run mode as well as robot:continue-on-failure which controls continuable execution.

More usages are likely to be added in the future. As of RobotFramework 4. Robot Framework has similar test setup and teardown functionality as many other test automation frameworks. In short, a test setup is something that is executed before a test case, and a test teardown is executed after a test case.

In Robot Framework setups and teardowns are just normal keywords with possible arguments. Setup and teardown are always a single keyword. If they need to take care of multiple separate tasks, it is possible to create higher-level user keywords for that purpose. An alternative solution is executing multiple keywords using the BuiltIn keyword Run Keywords.

The test teardown is special in two ways. First of all, it is executed also when a test case fails, so it can be used for clean-up activities that must be done regardless of the test case status.

In addition, all the keywords in the teardown are also executed even if one of them fails. This continue on failure functionality can be used also with normal keywords, but inside teardowns it is on by default. The easiest way to specify a setup or a teardown for test cases in a test case file is using the Test Setup and Test Teardown settings in the Setting section.

Individual test cases can also have their own setup or teardown. They are defined with the [Setup] or [Teardown] settings in the test case section and they override possible Test Setup and Test Teardown settings.

Having no keyword after a [Setup] or [Teardown] setting means having no setup or teardown. The name of the keyword to be executed as a setup or a teardown can be a variable. This facilitates having different setups or teardowns in different environments by giving the keyword name as a variable from the command line. Test suites can have a setup and teardown of their own. A suite setup is executed before any test cases or sub test suites in that test suite, and similarly a suite teardown is executed after them.

Test templates convert normal keyword-driven test cases into data-driven tests. Whereas the body of a keyword-driven test case is constructed from keywords and their possible arguments, test cases with template contain only the arguments for the template keyword. Template keywords can accept both normal positional and named arguments, as well as arguments embedded to the keyword name.

Unlike with other settings, it is not possible to define a template using a variable. How a keyword accepting normal positional arguments can be used as a template is illustrated by the following example test cases. These two tests are functionally fully identical. As the example illustrates, it is possible to specify the template for an individual test case using the [Template] setting. An alternative approach is using the Test Template setting in the Setting section, in which case the template is applied for all test cases in that test case file.

The [Template] setting overrides the possible template set in the Setting section, and an empty value for [Template] means that the test has no template even when Test Template is used.

It is also possible to use value NONE to indicate that a test has no template. If a templated test case has multiple data rows in its body, the template is applied for all the rows one by one.

This means that the same keyword is executed multiple times, once with data on each row. Templated tests are also special so that all the rounds are executed even if one or more of them fails. It is possible to use this kind of continue on failure mode with normal tests too, but with the templated tests the mode is on automatically.

Using keywords with default values or accepting variable number of arguments , as well as using named arguments and free named arguments , work with templates exactly like they work otherwise. Using variables in arguments is also supported normally. Templates support a variation of the embedded argument syntax. With templates this syntax works so that if the template keyword has variables in its name, they are considered placeholders for arguments and replaced with the actual arguments used with the template.

The resulting keyword is then used without positional arguments. This is best illustrated with an example:. When embedded arguments are used with templates, the number of arguments in the template keyword name must match the number of arguments it is used with. The argument names do not need to match the arguments of the original keyword, though, and it is also possible to use different arguments altogether:. The main benefit of using embedded arguments with templates is that argument names are specified explicitly.

When using normal arguments, the same effect can be achieved by naming the columns that contain arguments. This is illustrated by the data-driven style example in the next section. If templates are used with for loops , the template is applied for all the steps inside the loop. The continue on failure mode is in use also in this case, which means that all the steps are executed with all the looped elements even if there are failures. If expression can be also used together with templates.

This can be useful, for example, when used together with for loops to filter executed arguments. There are several different ways in which test cases may be written. Test cases that describe some kind of workflow may be written either in keyword-driven or behavior-driven style. Data-driven style can be used to test the same workflow with varying input data.

Workflow tests, such as the Valid Login test described earlier , are constructed from several keywords and their possible arguments. Their normal structure is that first the system is taken into the initial state Open Login Page in the Valid Login example , then something is done to the system Input Name , Input Password , Submit Credentials , and finally it is verified that the system behaved as expected Welcome Page Should Be Open.

Another style to write test cases is the data-driven approach where test cases use only one higher-level keyword, often created as a user keyword , that hides the actual test workflow. It would be possible to repeat the same keyword with every test, but the test template functionality allows specifying the keyword to use only once.

Naming columns like in the example above makes tests easier to understand. This is possible because on the header row other cells except the first one are ignored. When using test templates , all the rounds in a test are executed even if there are failures, so there is no real functional difference between these two styles. In the above example separate combinations are named so it is easier to see what they test, but having potentially large number of these tests may mess-up statistics.

Which style to use depends on the context and personal preferences. It is also possible to write test cases as requirements that also non-technical project stakeholders must understand. When writing test cases in this style, the initial state is usually expressed with a keyword starting with word Given , the actions are described with keyword starting with When and the expectations with a keyword starting with Then.

Keyword starting with And or But may be used if a step has more than one action. Prefixes Given , When , Then , And and But are dropped when matching keywords are searched, if no match with the full name is found. This works for both user keywords and library keywords.

For example, Given login page is open in the above example can be implemented as user keyword either with or without the word Given. Ignoring prefixes also allows using the same keyword with different prefixes. For example Welcome page should be open could also used as And welcome page should be open.

When writing concrete examples it is useful to be able to pass actual data to keyword implementations. User keywords support this by allowing embedding arguments into keyword name. In addition to test automation, Robot Framework can be used for other automation purposes, including robotic process automation RPA. It has always been possible, but Robot Framework 3. For most parts creating tasks works the same way as creating tests and the only real difference is in terminology.

Tasks can also be organized into suites exactly like test cases. Tasks are created based on the available keywords exactly like test cases, and the task syntax is in general identical to the test case syntax. The main difference is that tasks are created in Task sections instead of Test Case sections:.

Settings that can be used in the task section are exactly the same as in the test case section. Robot Framework test cases are created in test case files, which can be organized into directories.

These files and directories create a hierarchical test suite structure. Same concepts apply also when creating tasks , but the terminology differs. Robot Framework test cases are created using test case sections in test case files. Such a file automatically creates a test suite from all the test cases it contains.

There is no upper limit for how many test cases there can be, but it is recommended to have less than ten, unless the data-driven approach is used, where one test case consists of only one high-level keyword.

Test case files can be organized into directories, and these directories create higher-level test suites. A test suite created from a directory cannot have any test cases directly, but it contains other test suites with test cases, instead. These directories can then be placed into other directories creating an even higher-level suite.

There are no limits for the structure, so test cases can be organized as needed. When a test directory is executed, the files and directories it contains are processed recursively as follows:. If a file or directory that is processed does not contain any test cases, it is silently ignored a message is written to the syslog and the processing continues. A test suite created from a directory can have similar settings as a suite created from a test case file.

Because a directory alone cannot have that kind of information, it must be placed into a special test suite initialization file. The name format is borrowed from Python, where files named in this manner denote that a directory is a module. Initialization files have the same structure and syntax as test case files, except that they cannot have test case sections and not all settings are supported.

Variables and keywords created or imported in initialization files are not available in the lower level test suites. If you need to share variables or keywords, you can put them into resource files that can be imported both by initialization and test case files. The main usage for initialization files is specifying test suite related settings similarly as in test case files , but setting some test case related settings is also possible.

How to use different settings in the initialization files is explained below. The test suite name is constructed from the file or directory name. The name is created so that the extension is ignored, possible underscores are replaced with spaces, and names fully in lower case are title cased. The file or directory name can contain a prefix to control the execution order of the suites. The prefix is separated from the base name by two underscores and, when constructing the actual test suite name, both the prefix and underscores are removed.

The documentation for a test suite is set using the Documentation setting in the Setting section. It can be used in test case files or, with higher-level suites, in test suite initialization files. Test suite documentation has exactly the same characteristics regarding to where it is shown and how it can be created as test case documentation.

Both the name and documentation of the top-level test suite can be overridden in test execution. This can be done with the command line options --name and --doc , respectively, as explained in section Setting metadata.

Test suites can also have other metadata than the documentation. This metadata is defined in the Setting section using the Metadata setting. Metadata set in this manner is shown in test reports and logs. The name and value for the metadata are located in the columns following Metadata.

The value is handled similarly as documentation, which means that it can be split into several cells joined together with spaces or into several rows joined together with newlines , simple HTML formatting works and even variables can be used. For top-level test suites, it is possible to set metadata also with the --metadata command line option.

This is discussed in more detail in section Setting metadata. Not only test cases but also test suites can have a setup and a teardown.

A suite setup is executed before running any of the suite's test cases or child test suites, and a test teardown is executed after them. All test suites can have a setup and a teardown; with suites created from a directory they must be specified in a test suite initialization file. Similarly as with test cases, a suite setup and teardown are keywords that may take arguments.

Keyword names and possible arguments are located in the columns after the setting name. If a suite setup fails, all test cases in it and its child test suites are immediately assigned a fail status and they are not actually executed. This makes suite setups ideal for checking preconditions that must be met before running test cases is possible.

A suite teardown is normally used for cleaning up after all the test cases have been executed. It is executed even if the setup of the same suite fails. If the suite teardown fails, all test cases in the suite are marked failed, regardless of their original execution status.

Note that all the keywords in suite teardowns are executed even if one of them fails. Test libraries contain those lowest-level keywords, often called library keywords , which actually interact with the system under test.

All test cases always use keywords from some library, often through higher-level user keywords. This section explains how to take test libraries into use and how to use the keywords they provide. Creating test libraries is described in a separate section. Test libraries are typically imported using the Library setting, but it is also possible to use the Import Library keyword. Test libraries are normally imported using the Library setting in the Setting section and having the library name in the subsequent column.

Unlike most of the other data, the library name is both case- and space-sensitive. If a library is in a package, the full name including the package name must be used. In those cases where the library needs arguments, they are listed in the columns after the library name. It is possible to use default values, variable number of arguments, and named arguments in test library imports similarly as with arguments to keywords. Both the library name and arguments can be set using variables.

It is possible to import test libraries in test case files , resource files and test suite initialization files. In all these cases, all the keywords in the imported library are available in that file. With resource files, those keywords are also available in other files using them. Another possibility to take a test library into use is using the keyword Import Library from the BuiltIn library. This keyword takes the library name and possible arguments similarly as the Library setting.

Keywords from the imported library are available in the test suite where the Import Library keyword was used. This approach is useful in cases where the library is not available when the test execution starts and only some other keywords make it available. Libraries to import can be specified either by using the library name or the path to the library.

These approaches work the same way regardless if the library is imported using the Library setting or the Import Library keyword. The most common way to specify a test library to import is using its name, like it has been done in all the examples in this section. In these cases Robot Framework tries to find the class or module implementing the library from the module search path.

Libraries that are installed somehow ought to be in the module search path automatically, but with other libraries the search path may need to be configured separately. The biggest benefit of this approach is that when the module search path has been configured, often using a custom start-up script , normal users do not need to think where libraries actually are installed.

The drawback is that getting your own, possible very simple, libraries into the search path may require some additional configuration. Another mechanism for specifying the library to import is using a path to it in the file system.

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